Compare Dickens’ presentation of Scrooge in Stave I and...

Compare Dickens’ presentation of Scrooge in Stave I and Stave V Scrooge’s presentation in Stave I and in Stave V is very different. In Stave I Dickens presents Scrooge, as a cold-hearted old man who loves himself and hates Christmas. In contrast, his nephew Fred enjoys Christmas with his wife, and is so nice to Scrooge all the time whereas Scrooge is always mean to Fred, (â€Å"Bah, Humbug†). Dickens uses the weather to describe how cold it gets when Scrooge is near; the point that he is trying to make is that he is so mean that his meanness has infected the atmosphere. It tells us that Scrooge is only worried about himself and his money. After Scrooge talking and hanging around with ghosts he goes back to bed and wakes up to†¦show more content†¦In contrast, his nephew feels Christmas is a kind, forgiving, charitable, pleasant time† but Scrooge replies back and says, â€Å"I’ll keep Christmas in my own way, and you keep it your way†. Scrooge often refers to himself (â€Å"I†, â€Å"my†) and so appears mean. Dickens uses the weather to describe Scrooge as a cold-hearted miser: â€Å"a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scrapping, clutching, covetous old sinner!† The listing of emotive adjectives creates a negative impression of Scrooge that is reinforced by a range of negative similes (â€Å"as hard and sharp as flint†, â€Å"as solitary as an oyster†) and in particular Dickens’ use of the weather.† Also in Stave I, he cares nothing for the people around him and mankind exists only for the money that can be made through exploitation and intimidation. In Stave V, Dickens presents Scrooge differently and now shows a changed and positive man. If Scrooge had never met the three ghosts then he would never have changed his old bad habits. In this Stave he says â€Å"Merry Christmas† but in Stave I he says (â€Å"Bah Humbug†). His positive words show he has changed. Direct speech, exclamation marks and repetition of Jacob’s name are used in the beginning of Stave V to show Scrooge’s positive energy: â€Å"The Spirits of All Three shall strive within me. Oh Jacob Marley! Heaven, and the Christmas Time are praised for this! I say it on my knees, old Jacob, on my knees!† A

ecological model of health - 1211 Words

Applying the IOM’s (Institute of Medicine) Ecological Model of Health Abstract This paper discusses how IOM’s ecological model can be used to stop the AIDs pandemic which is a health issue globally. This is because the number of people infected with the disease has increased over the years, since the first case was reported. Statistics show that over 34 million people are infected globally. The disease has been declared a pandemic due to the effects it has caused globally. Therefore, urgency is needed to stop its spread by reducing the rate of infection. Applying the IOM’s (Institute of Medicine) Ecological Model of Health Introduction and Background Information on the Aids Pandemic Ever since the first case of AIDs†¦show more content†¦This deal with addressing the community, family and social networks that people are part of. Nurses should in this case analyze the different social environments that people live in so as to successfully address the AIDs pandemic. This is mainly due to the fact that people may tend to form their attitudes towards the disease depending on their social network. Nurses should form groups, and educate the people as a community, about the effects of the disease on both the community and family, an undertaking which will raise awareness among the community members. This is likely to help the community to be cautious and responsible for their actions, as well as prevent the promotion of any negative values that may increase chances of people in the society acquiring the disease (Levine What Works Working Group, 2007). Additionally, nursing should address the issue of stigma that family and social networks have towards the AIDs pandemic and those suffering from it, and which hinder people from seeking help and knowing their status (Qubuda Mphumela, 2009). Physical environment, which comprises of living and working conditions, is another component that nursing can apply in stopping the AIDs pandemic. Living and working conditions greatly influence what a person thinks and acts from what they observe happening around them. The issue of unsafe living conditions increases risk factors whichShow MoreRelatedThe Ecological Model Of Health1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ecological Model of Health, sometimes also called The Social-Ecological Model, is one of the main models and theories that underpin the practice of health promotion. Defined by the Institute of Medicine as a model of health that emphasizes the linkages and relationships among multiple factors (or determinants) affecting health†, that ecological framework is based on the premise that no single factor can fully explain the variations, the prev alence and the complexity patterns of diseases, asRead MoreSocial And Ecological Model Of Public Health1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe social/ecological model of public health is a multilevel system that emphasizes on the linkages among several factors or determinants affecting health from an individual level to a larger social network (Coreil, 2010). This model is organized according to five hierarchical levels of influence: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and society (Coreil, 2010). 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As seen in the Figure 1 below, the ecological model considers individual factors, relationship factors, community factors, and societal factors. Individual level (first level at the extreme right) includes biology and personal characteristics such as, knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy, racial/ethnic identity, gender, age, and religious identity. Relationship level (secondRead MoreCommunity Conceptual Model1282 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity Conceptual Model Community Conceptual Model Conceptual models are effective guides and tools used for nursing practice. They merge concepts and ideas providing a framework for how to think or demonstrate the elaborate connections between concepts, structures, or a system. They categorize existing interrelationships amid concepts into ways that can effectively direct actions and interventions. 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Specifically, in critical health studies we are able take different models and theories and apply them to real situations to better understand the nuances behind them. In case studies, critical reflections are a necessary tool. Critically reflecting on an issue or topic allows for the heart of the issue to be viewed from a different lens, integrating different models and theories from those originally shown. With this in mind, the intent of thisRead MoreThe Macrosystem: From Child to Adult Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesexamining society, culture, and ecological system. Mental health and community counselors should keep in mind the complex, reciprocal interactions that characterize personal behavior in situations. Macrosystem: Describes the culture in w hich individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity. There have been a number of theories surveyed that are foundational to the profession of mental health counseling. The foundationalRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Essay1000 Words   |  4 PagesDeficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD for short, is a chronic disorder of the brain which leads people to act in a manner that is impulsive and hyperactive; it also causes people to have difficulties with attention (The National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2016). Some signs and symptoms of ADHD are hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. These symptoms can affect how a person develops mentally and functions as a person. Not everyone with ADHD will experience all these symptoms, and someRead MoreA Life Course Approach For Injury Prevention892 Words   |  4 Pagesprevention: a â€Å"lens and telescope† conceptual model† examines the prospect of extending common injury concepts (Haddon Matrix) by integrating ecological (lens) and life course (tele scope) models into injury research. The paper delineates how the â€Å"lens and telescope† models would urge looking beyond proximal influences to injury to more distal, but equally important potential contributing factors. Given the main tenets of life course and ecological theories are time and context, an injury would

Silic Case Free Essays

Accy 510 Silic Case Homework Assignment Name: Yue (Josie) Deng Date: June 11, 2012 #1 On 01/01/2003, Silic should record the one-off, fair-value revaluation as result of its adoption of SIIC tax regime. Because the building was appraised at â‚ ¬12,500 and originally bought at â‚ ¬10,000, the firm needs to make a journal entry to account for this increase in value 01/01/2003 Buildings Landâ‚ ¬2,500 Revaluation Surplusâ‚ ¬2,500 * Land Building = â‚ ¬12,500 – â‚ ¬10,000 = â‚ ¬2,500 * As we learned in class from reading Silic’s financial statements, 82. % of the unrealized gains from revaluation will flow to the Revaluation Surplus account and 17. We will write a custom essay sample on Silic Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1% will flow to the Other Creditors account. * â‚ ¬2,500 * 82. 9% = â‚ ¬2,072 * â‚ ¬2,500 * 17. 1% = â‚ ¬428 * However, in this particular case, we combine the two accounts for simplicity purposes. On 12/31/2003, Silic need to record a depreciation expense on the building. 12/31/2003 Charge to Depreciationâ‚ ¬500 Depreciation Provisions â‚ ¬500 Revaluation Surplus â‚ ¬100 Consolidated Reservesâ‚ ¬100 * As given in the question, the depreciation expense is â‚ ¬500. Silic depreciates its office and buildings on a straight-line basis. We can deduce the useful life of this particular building is 25 years (â‚ ¬12,500/â‚ ¬500 = 25 years). * The company also needs to amortize the revaluation surplus it originally recorded in response to the fair value revaluation based on the useful life of the building. â‚ ¬2,500/25 years = â‚ ¬100. The amortized amount moved to consolidated reserves (retained earnings). On 01/01/2004, Silic sold the building at â‚ ¬12,000 in cash. 01/01/2004 Cash â‚ ¬12,000 Depreciation Provisions â‚ ¬2,900 Building Land â‚ ¬12,500 Gains on Disposal â‚ ¬2,400 Revaluation Surplusâ‚ ¬2,400 Consolidated Reserves â‚ ¬2,400 * The firm received â‚ ¬12,000 in cash by disposing the asset. The net value of the building was â‚ ¬9,600 (â‚ ¬12,500 – â‚ ¬2,900 = â‚ ¬9,600). Thus, the firm sold the building at a gain of â‚ ¬2,400. * In addition, the firm needs to clear the revaluation surplus of this building to zero, and move the amount to consolidated reserves. #2 a) On 12/31/2012, Silic demolishes a fully-depreciated building. It needs to make the journal entry: 12/31/2012 Charge to Depreciation Depreciation and Provision Depreciation Provision â‚ ¬64,000 Buildings Landâ‚ ¬64,000 * The firm needs to first record the depreciation expense for the last year of the asset’s useful life. The amount cannot be determined by the given information provided in the question. * We also need to clear this particular building from the balance sheet by debiting Depreciation Provision (contra-asset account) and crediting Building Land. b) No, this would not produce a faithful representation of Silic’s activities for the building. We still need to amortize the revaluation surplus for the last year. It would not be representational faithful if the remaining value of fair-value mark-up still sits in the Revaluation Surplus account, because the gain is already realized through the depreciation of the asset. We need to amortize the remaining surplus to consolidated reserves to show the event. Although this journal entry may not necessarily affect the value of total liabilities and equities, we still need to make sure to record this entry to provide investors with most representational faithful information. #3 01/01/2005 Buildings Landâ‚ ¬93,863 Unrealized Gains on Land and Buildingsâ‚ ¬93,863 The number is calculated by subtracting the historical cost of land and buildings on exhibit 4 from the fair value of these assets on exhibit 4b. * â‚ ¬1,681,493 – (â‚ ¬1,139,063 + â‚ ¬448,567) = â‚ ¬93,863 #4 (a) From my point of view, cost accounting method provides more relevant information to investors. According to FAC No. 8 Objectives of Financial Reporting, â⠂¬Å"relevant financial information is capable of making a difference in the decision made by users†. The two most important characteristics are the information’s predictive value and confirmatory value. As indicated in the case, Silic primarily competes in the French commercial-property market, which 72% (2004 data) of its earnings was derived from rental properties. As a result, its ordinary course of business centers around its leasing activities, and the fair market value of the properties is not a significant indicator of the company’s performance. Thus, the fluctuation in the value of properties should not materially affect investors’ decision making. Since the 1980s, the commercial property market of Paris and its surrounding region had experienced substantial upward and downward movements in the values of properties. If we incorporate the change in the fair market value into the computation of net income, Silic’s bottom line would fluctuate significantly each year. However, the truth is â€Å"the French real estate and property management industry had been growing steadily at an average rate of 2. 8% per year. † The industry and the company have been on a steady growth trend. Investors would not be able capture the real picture of the operating performance of the company if it switched to fair market accounting of properties. Therefore, I support the company’s decision of measuring investment property using the cost model. This election provides more relevant information to investors with regards to the company’s operating performance. (b) I think historical cost accounting would present Silic in the most favorable light over time. As I discussed in part (a), the adoption of IAS no. 40 would require Silic to mark its investment properties to fair value during each reporting period, and report the gains and losses on its income statement. As indicated in the case, French real estate market had experienced substantial upward and downward movements in the value of properties. Thus, a probable outcome of fair value accounting would be a significant fluctuation in the firm’s bottom line during each reporting period. Fluctuations in net income signals great risk of the financial performance of an entity. A normal risk averse investors would not invest in an company that poses significant risk. Therefore, I believe historical cost accounting would present Silic in the most favorable light over time. How to cite Silic Case, Essay examples

Disposal and Prevention Mechanism †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Disposal and Prevention Mechanism. Answer: Introduction: Hand hygiene is a personal hygiene practice which is aimed at reducing the infectious agents transmission risks through contact. These infectious agents can contaminate hands through contact with patients surroundings, other healthcare workers, the environment and the patient. In practice, hand hygiene should be practiced after every episode of contact with the patient and any other activity that can result into contamination of the hands including removal of gloves[1]. Therefore, regular hand hygiene should be conducted before a procedure, before touching a patient, after touching a patient and their surroundings and after risk of exposure of a body substance/ a procedure. In addition to that, hand hygiene should be practiced before starting or leaving work, handling or eating any foods or drinks and using computer keyboards in clinical areas. It should also be done after visiting the toilet, removing gloves, touching the mouth or nose, using computer keyboard especially in a clinic al area, hands becoming soiled (visible), being in patient care during infection outbreaks and handling waste/laundry/equipment. It is also important familiarize oneself with hand hygiene procedures provided in the particular organization and use the hand care products that they provide for different situations and as directed[2]. Hand hygiene can be done using hand rubs which are alcohol-based since they are more effective against a greater part of ordinary infectious agents as compared to water with antiseptic soap. Attending education sessions on hand hygiene can also help in refreshing skill and knowledge on hand hygiene. One page 22 of the guidelines is a table describing the transmission-based precautions. Chose one of the precautions then go to the section of the guide relating to that precaution. Summarize in your own how you would apply those precautions in a healthcare environment. Transmission based precautions are put in place with standard precautions. They reduce further transmissions of particular pathogens arising from specific transmission route opportunities. Environmental cleaning which involves physical cleaning of the surfaces known or suspected to contain infectious agents is done by use of detergents to avoid their transmission. Then a TGA (registered hospital grade disinfectant) is used e.g. 2-in-1 clean or 2-step clean to disinfect the surfaces where applicable[3]. Surfaces are classified into; those with frequent contact (high risk surfaces) and those with minimal hand contact (low risk surfaces). The frequently touched surfaces should be cleaned more frequently than those which are not frequently touched. When MROs are known or suspected to be existing, the surfaces are intensively cleaned and a disinfectant is used on the surfaces. After cleaning with water, its important to also allow the surfaces to dry. A detergent solution can be used for general surface cleaning (walls, blinds and floors) and administrative offices since they are not part of patient care areas. Window curtains should be frequently cleaned and changed. On the other hand frequently touched surfaces and those close to patients e.g. light switches, over bed tables, doorknobs, bedrails and walls around patient room toilets should be frequently cleaned with detergents respective to the nature of the surface[4]. Describe how you would respond to this risk. Specifically, state what potential risk this case example could cause and how you would respond? (Hint: use the guidelines for use of PPE and cleaning) First, i will lock out the area around the spillage so that people might not step on it and drag it to a wider area or get cut by the sharps and get infected. Then i will get the spill kit which contains a scoop, single use gloves, surgical mask, absorbent agent, detergent, clinical waste bags, ties, eye protection and scraper[5]. I will wear the gloves and other PPE and scoop the spills putting them into a new bag. I will clean the area with detergent and disinfectant chemical e.g. sodium hypochlorite based on the risk of infectious agents transmission. Then discard the cleaning materials in waste a container. In addition, I will wait for the area to dry before letting people use it. Other workers can be at risk of slipping on the floor and getting cut by the sharps in the spill and getting infected. They can also increase the contaminated areas if they accidentally come into contact with the spills and walk/ contact different/ new surfaces patients and other medical stuff. The stuff can be informed by word of mouth and by sealing the area and labeling it contaminated they will be able to know and keep off[6]. Describe briefly the key points in cleaning the healthcare work environment. In your answer please describe: It is worn when there is a risk of transmission of infectious agents to reduce the risk. Different PPE are used for different risks. They include gowns, gloves, mask and protective face shield. Normal detergent is used for everyday cleaning of surfaces, walls and curtains which do not have/are not considered being at a high risk of infection. However, the choice of the detergent also depends on the surface to be cleaned. Sterilization prevents disease transmission by killing microorganisms on the surfaces of device or instruments[7]. Heat resistant items are reprocessed by steam sterilization because of its safety margin, validity, lethality and reliability while those that are moisture and heat sensitive use sterilization technology of low temperature e.g. hydrogen peroxide plasma, aldehyde, ethylene oxide and peracetic acid. Reprocessing data is recorded for reference. However, to accommodate emerging technologies and changes in equipment design, reprocessing standards should evolve. Storage should be done in a way that maintains equipments reprocessing level (i.e. high disinfected level, sterile)[8]. Therefore, sterile, dry packaged equipments and instruments should be kept in a dry, clean environment and protected from objects that may damage the packaging e.g. sharp objects. Instrument surfaces and equipment should be examined regularly for breaks which might impair cleaning or sterilization. Those that are not in the right working conditions are repaired or discarded. PPE is required when there is a risk of transmission of infectious agents. They should be changed depending on the Particular PPE e.g. gloves need to be changed after a single activity since they can be torn and increase the risk of infection. They should also be handled according to the recommended guidelines to avoid infecting the person using them when they remove them. This is vital so as to ensure waste is transported, stored and ultimately disposed off in a manner that complies with regulations of clinical waste disposal. For instance the following color codes are used: back (mixed municipal waste), yellow and black (offensive), blue (medical), Orange (clinical/infectious), yellow (highly infectious), red (anatomical) and purple (cytotoxic)[9]. Healthcare waste should be stored inside the healthcare facility or research center. Waste in containers or bags should be stored in a separate room, building or area appropriate to the frequency and quantities of wastes produced and their collection[10]. The storage should be protected from the sun, inaccessible to unauthorized persons, availability of cleaning water, accessible to waste collection vehicles, inaccessible to animals, birds and insects, should have a hard standing floor that has a good drainage, impermeable, easy to disinfect and clean, not near to food store or preparation areas, should have cleaning equipment, waste bags and protective clothing, good lighting and passive ventilation. Clinical waste is segregated correctly, stored and transported to the appropriate facilities for its safe disposal to avoid risk to the environment and humans. What is the purpose of a clean zone and what should be maintained within this area? This are specifically designated places/areas for non-contaminated items. These items include those that are sterile and disinfected. They include: material and equipment storage areas, administration and medical record areas, medical preparation areas-dressing/materials/equipment/medicines etc. What is the purpose of a contaminated zone in the healthcare environment and what should be confined to this space? Contaminated areas include areas that have become contaminated during medical procedures and those for processing dirty equipments[11]. They may be marked by signs like, no gloved hands past this point so as personnel can remove contaminated gloves before leaving. These zones include cleaners room, dirty linen sorting areas, dirty utility rooms, and disposal rooms. Bibliography Balaras, C.A., Dascalaki, E. and Gaglia, A., 2007. HVAC and indoor thermal conditions in hospital operating rooms. Energy and Buildings, 39(4), pp.454-470. Erasmus, V., Daha, T.J., Brug, H., Richardus, J.H., Behrendt, M.D., Vos, M.C. and van Beeck, E.F., 2010. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, 31(03), pp.283-294. Dorsch, J.A., 2012. Understanding anesthesia equipment. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Falagas, M.E., Thomaidis, P.C., Kotsantis, I.K., Sgouros, K., Samonis, G. and Karageorgopoulos, D.E., 2011. Airborne hydrogen peroxide for disinfection of the hospital environment and infection control: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection, 78(3), pp.171-177. Ferreira, V. and Teixeira, M.R., 2010. Healthcare waste management practices and risk perceptions: findings from hospitals in the Algarve region, Portugal. Waste management, 30(12), pp.2657-2663. Harding, A.D., Almquist, L.J. and Hashemi, S., 2011. The use and need for standard precautions and transmission-based precautions in the emergency department. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 37(4), p.367. Harte, J.A., 2010. Standard and transmission-based precautions: an update for dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(5), pp.572-581. Ho, C.C. and Liao, C.J., 2011. The use of failure mode and effects analysis to construct an effective disposal and prevention mechanism for infectious hospital waste. Waste Management, 31(12), pp.2631-2637. Hossain, M.S., Santhanam, A., Norulaini, N.N. and Omar, A.M., 2011. Clinical solid waste management practices and its impact on human health and environmentA review. Waste management, 31(4), pp.754-766. Lovegrove, J., 2012. Hand hygiene and infection control. Nursing OSCEs: A Complete Guide to Exam Success, p.53. Rana, T., Bera, A.K., Das, S., Bhattacharya, D., Bandyopadhyay, S., Pan, D. and Das, S.K., 2010. Effect of chronic intake of arsenic-contaminated water on blood oxidative stress indices in cattle in an arsenic-affected zone. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 73(6), pp.1327-1332. Tsakona, M., Anagnostopoulou, E. and Gidarakos, E., 2007. Hospital waste management and toxicity evaluation: a case study. Waste management, 27(7), pp.912-920.

Ethical Leader Characteristics

In spite of the widespread study that focuses on leadership, the issue of ethical leadership continues to be challenged with inconsistencies, paradoxes, and contradictions. Desire to have ethical leaders has led to numerous changes in leadership styles. One of the recent leadership styles is transformative leadership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Leader Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Caldwell et al., posit, â€Å"One benefit of becoming a transformative leader is that greater trust will be developed between the leader and their followers† (2012, p. 176). Indeed, â€Å"†¦leadership is more about the followers than it is about the leader† (Bennis Caldwell et al. 2012, p. 176). Without followers, there can be no leader. An individual becomes a leader if he or she has a group of people that he mobilizes to pursue a mutual objective. Bennis and Nanus allege, â€Å"To me rit the trust of organizational stakeholders, the leaders of tomorrow’s organization must raise their standards, demonstrate their character and meet the expectations of a cynical but increasingly complex world† (2007, p. 123). Bennis and Nanus posit that for a leader to succeed one ought to entrust cohorts with activities, transform the cohorts into leaders, and transform the leaders into instruments of change. The sentiment proves that for a leader to succeed, he or she has to depend on his followers. A leader can hardly succeed in achieving organizational goals without drawing the followers close. The role of a leader is to oversee organizational operations and give advice on areas that require changes. Consequently, a leader has to rely on followers for all organizational activities. Caldwell et al. (2012) formulated a â€Å"transformative leader† model that leads to ethical leadership by emphasizing on the importance of ethical practices like charisma, humil ity, values, principles, and servant leadership as some of the tenets of a transformative leader. According to Caldwell et al. (2012), a transformative leader is a servant leader. The leader ought to devote his or her attention to the interests of his or her subjects. Caring about others is one of the organizational ethics. Charisma refers to the ability of a leader to inspire others. By emphasizing on charisma in their â€Å"transformative leader† model, Caldwell et al. implies that a leader ought to establish a cordial relationship with followers. Charismatic leaders back an exceedingly moral purpose. Hence, a leader that meets the model would surely be ethical.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mayer et al. allege, â€Å"A good ethical leader should first of all be truthful to themselves before they can effectively lead others† (2012, p. 152). Without moral id entity, it would be difficult for a leader to become an ethical example. Moral identity is associated with good behavior like charitable giving. A leader with moral identity treats all the followers with equality and is trustworthy. Conversely, a leader that does not have moral identity exhibits unethical features like dishonesty and greed. Hence, such a leader does not portray ethical behavior and cannot be an ethical example to cohorts. Employees learn through observing their leaders. Hence, majority of the employees borrow their behaviors from their leaders (Mayer et al. 2012). A leader without moral identity would lead to employees becoming corrupt. Such a leader lacks self-regulatory mechanisms, which promote ethical behaviors. Consequently, he portrays unethical behaviors, which he or she transfers to cohorts. For leaders to promote ethical behavior in organizations, they need to appreciate all the followers that behave in an ethical manner and reprimand, or even punish those that behave unethically. Punishing followers that behave unethically would go a long way towards promoting ethical behavior in an organization. Rewarding employees that behave ethically would not have a significant impact in promoting ethical behavior (Fielder 1986). For instance, some followers could be using their unethical behavior to enrich themselves at the expense of the organization. In such an instance, rewarding followers that behave ethically would not deter the unethical followers from pursuing their immoral activities. Nevertheless, punishing such employees by dismissing them, imposing enormous financial penalty, or withholding their salaries would compel them to change their behavior. Majority of the employees struggles to get jobs (Fielder 1986). After getting the job, they settle down and forget the challenges they faced when looking for a job. Eventually, they cease to appreciate their employment and engage in activities that are detrimental to an organization. The b est way to prevent such cases happening in an organization is to impose severe punishment on employees or cohorts that behave unethically. This would discourage the employees from engaging in unethical behavior.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Leader Characteristics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While this may sound plausible theoretically, it does not manifest itself in most cases. Even though some followers refrain from unethical behavior due to fear of losing jobs, those that benefit from the behavior hardly abandons it despite the threat of facing severe punishment. In most cases, such threats only intensify their behavior as they try to reap enough before facing the punishment or losing their jobs. In other cases, such followers change their ways of propagating unethical behavior to avoid being noticed by their leaders. Hence, the organization continues incurring mysterious loses that it cannot b lame on a particular follower. There is a strong relationship between transformative leadership and trait theories of leadership. Trait theories focus on personal characteristics like personality, decisiveness, cooperativeness, and persistence (Derue et al. 2011). A leader with these features is likely to be successful. On the other hand, a transformative leader uses his or her traits to influence others. For instance, the leader applies his or her decisiveness to win trust from cohorts. A decisive leader makes followers believe in goals they are pursuing, thus, dedicating their energy to the goals. Similarly, individual’s personality determines if one gains support from their followers. Furthermore, transformative leadership is associated with the contingency theory of leadership effectiveness. The theory suggests, â€Å"Leadership effectiveness depends on the interaction of two factors: the leader’s task or relations motivation and aspects of the situation† (F ielder 1986, p. 34). Relations motivation is determined using coworkers that a leader prefers least. If the coworkers score high, it implies that the leader has managed to transform the workers into embracing organizational goals. On the other hand, if they score low, it means that the leader has not transformed the workers. In other words, employee commitment depends on the level of transformation a leader instills in them. The concept of moral identity discussed in â€Å"transformative leader† model devised by Mayer et al. (2012) aligns with trait theories of leadership. Trait theories of leadership focus on personal aspects like personality, judgment, sociability, decisiveness, and socioeconomic background. These aspects influence how a leader behaves. For instance, one’s judgment and personality are what determine if a leader becomes compassionate, caring, and honest. On the other hand, moral identity is what makes leaders exhibit certain traits. Hence, moral ident ity leads to either ethical or unethical traits.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference List Bennis, W Nanus, B 2007, Leaders: Strategies for taking charge (2nd ed.), Harper-Collins, New York. Caldwell, C, Dixon, R, Floyd, L, Chaudoin, J, Post, J Cheokas, G 2012, ‘Transformative Leadership: Achieving Unparalleled Excellence’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 109 no. 2, pp. 175–187. Derue, D, Nahrgang, J, Wellman, N Humphrey, S 2011, ‘Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity’, Personnel Psychology, vol.64 no. 1, pp. 7-52. Fielder, F 1986, ‘The contribution of cognitive resources to leadership performance’,  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 532–545. Mayer, D, Aquino, K, Greenbaum, R Kuenzi, M 2012, ‘Who Displays Ethical Leadership, and Why does it Matter? An Examination of Antecedents and Consequences of Ethical Leadership’, Academy of Management Journal, vol. 55 no. 1, pp. 151–171. This essay on Ethical Leader Characteristics was written and submitted by user Cailyn Cruz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Record Components Documentation Requirements Medical Records Essay Example

Record Components Documentation Requirements Medical Records Essay Example Record Components Documentation Requirements Medical Records Paper Record Components Documentation Requirements Medical Records Paper Essay Topic: Medical When a new patient comes to a doctor’s office bearing medical records, there are a number of things that the office wants to make sure that the patient has with them. This holds doubly true when dealing with an OB/GYN patient who is experiencing a second pregnancy and who had problems with the first pregnancy. When the patient comes in, the doctor and medical records manager wants to assure that the patient has at a minimum, the doctor’s dictation, the tests that the doctor ordered regarding the health of the mother and the baby, the hospital records regarding the first pregnancy, basic medical information, and the post natal information regarding her first pregnancy. The doctor’s dictation is important because it shows the visit to visit issues that occurred and how each was resolved. The dictation allows the new doctor to see the â€Å"train of thought† of the previous doctor in order to see the issues that came to light and what was done to resolve them. This gives the new doctor valuable insight into how this particular patient’s body operates, and can be valuable in keeping problems from occurring in the future. The tests that the doctor ordered are also important. This allows the doctor to get a sense of the health of the patient and to establish a baseline by which to conduct further assessments. It also gives the doctor a sense of the idiosyncrasies of the patient and to show what numbers and results are considered normal for the particular patient. It also gives the doctor an idea of what issues were discovered and what tests were necessary to diagnose and treat the problems regarding the first pregnancy should there be problems with the second. The hospital records are paramount in determining the doctor has all the information that he needs to have an accurate picture of the patient and her health. By having these records, there is a sense of the urgency that the first pregnancy had as well as any and all problems that were occurring as the patient was giving birth. Without these records, when the patient came time to deliver, there might be problems to which a solution had already been found and a potential litigious situation can be avoided. Basic medical information is probably the most important information that a doctor needs. This establishes the baseline health of the patient in order to give the doctor a sense of the history of the patient and if there are any unnecessary gaps in the wellness of the patient. For example, does the patient have her shots, is she current on Pap smears, mammograms and other tests that are important to the baseline health of the patient. Finally, post-natal information is needed in order to determine what, if any issues the first child had post-natally. By having this information, the doctor is aware of any and all issues that may arise in the post-natal health of the child and can be prepared to treat it should it become necessary. Additionally, there would be test results that would show any genetic predisposition to disease, and the doctor would have this information in order to help the patient make an informed decision regarding her reproductive health should it become necessary. Making sure that the patient has all the records needed should not be the sole responsibility of the patient. The doctor’s office does have an obligation and a responsibility to assure that all applicable records are obtained, should the patient have neglected some seemingly trivial piece of information that ends up being a vitally important piece of the puzzle. JCAHO, (2009). Standards frequently asked questions. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from JCAHO Web site: jointcommission. org/Standards/FAQs/ Montauk, S. L. (1998). American family physician. Retrieved June 15, 2009, from AAFP Web site: aafp. org/afp/981101ap/montauk. html

Building Germany's Holocaust Memorial Term Paper

Building Germany's Holocaust Memorial - Term Paper Example The problem with a memorial that deals exclusively with the remembrance of the Jews is that it marginalizes the other victimized groups, no matter what the intentions were. People often erroneously think of the Holocaust as only having effected the Jewish population. This memorial could help to propagate that falsity. Another issue about the memorial has stemmed from designer Eisenman himself. He wished the subterranean museum to be a part of the memorial. However, the two seem disjointed; almost antithetical to one another. The memorial itself is stoic in its design. It doesn’t even have a plague stating what is supposed to be memorialized by the structure. The museum beneath however, is a testament to another time and place. The stone work is almost a cemetery and the museum is filled with a kind of life through the various letters and pictures on display. The memorial in Berlin is, of course, not the only memorial to the Holocaust that exists in the world. In Washington, D.C. there is a Holocaust memorial and museum. Some have complained about this. Norman Finkelstein, for example, has complained that since the Holocaust did not occur in the United States, American tax money should not go to construct a memorial. World War II brought in people from around the globe to fight what they believed was a political battle. Only after discovering the atrocities committed by the Nazis did people come to rethink the war as an occasion of good versus evil. Although the camps were not on American soil, family members of Americans, particularly American Jews, were slaughtered in Germany and Nazi territories. Additionally, American soldiers died in the attempt to emancipate the camps and end the terrors. The memorial stands as much for the Americans as it does for the

Management theory and practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management theory and practice - Essay Example The process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the work of organization members and of using all available organizational resources to reach stated organizational goals is called management. In fact, management is an attempt to create a desirable future, keeping the past and present in mind. It is not only practiced in a specific time frame but is also the reflection of a particular historical era. Therefore management specializes in dealing with matters of time. Management plays another significant part of making and sustaining relationships. Management specializes in the art of juggling multiple simultaneous relationships. Management is a process to emphasize that all managers, regardless of their specific aptitudes and skills, engage in certain interrelated activities to achieve their goals. It is the journey towards the fulfillment of these goals that requires planning and organizing as pre-requisites. Planning implies that managers think through their goals and actions in advance and that their actions are based on some method, plan or logic, rather than a hunch. However to execute these goal-reaching plans effectively, a proper organizing is required. Organizing is the process of arranging and allocating work, authority and resources among an organization’s members so that they can achieve the organization’s goals. Therefore organizational design becomes very significant. The dynamic engagement approach recognizes that an organization’s environment is not some set of fixed, impersonal forces. Rather, it is a complex and dynamic web of people interacting with each other. Consequently, every organization’s management operates according to certain systems to take care of all in-built and ever-emerging intricacies. There are numerous schools of thought that inspire various management processes. Bureaucracy is one. Bureaucracy has been a highly successful form of organization in the preceding century. Though it

Research Utilization Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Utilization - Research Paper Example This happens in different forms and kinds, including in the breast. Cancer that affects the breast is called breast cancer. This is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer. Although breast cancer is said to have been first reported in Egypt around 122 B.C, there are no accurate statistics that can clearly prove its earliest reported cases. However, according to the journal, Phenomenal Woman, Hippocrates was the first to give a logical and medical explanation of breast cancer in 460 B.C (2008). This development was further expanded by the works of Galen at around 200 A.D. Since then, more studies and medical research have been done to discover explicit knowledge about the disease. Breast cancer is caused by a number of factors commonly called breast cancer risk factors. Breast Cancer Breast cancer is one of the types of cancers. It manifests itself in the breast. It originates from the milk ducts or lobules of the breast. Although it typically occurs in women, breast cancer can also attack men as well. Breast cancer occurs in the form of a lump on the breast or the side of an armpit. This lump contains thick tissue which is not uniform with the rest of the breast tissue. It can be noticed by simply touching the breast gently to feel the thickness of its inner tissue. Another way of detecting breast cancer is through the observation of any abnormal growth or development in the breast. Such abnormalities are physically observable features of a breast. For instance, some breast cancer cells cause the nipple of one breast to be inverted in such a way that it seems to grow towards the inside of the breast rather than the normal way of growing towards the outside. There could also be skin dimpling or change in skin color at the part of the breast where cancer has attacked the breast tissue. One of the breast cancer risk factors is the transfer of genes responsible for certain types of cancers from parent to child. Breast cancer can be passed from a child bearer to t he baby. This means that the breast cancer cells can be passed from one generation to another through the genes. In such cases, if a mother or father has breast cancer cells, then they can be passed to their offspring or to subsequent generations of their offspring. Another major cause of breast cancer is contributed to lifestyle. This means that the way people conduct their day to day activities has an influence on their chances of getting or preventing breast cancer. Smoking of tobacco has been identified as one of the major lifestyle causes of breast cancer. Lack of breast feeding after child birth also increases a woman’s chances of suffering from breast cancer. In addition to that, abortion also increases the chances of a woman suffering from breast cancer. A poorly conducted abortion procedure can easily result in breast cancer. Breast cancer is typically classified on a number of bases. For instance, when classified according to origin, we have ductal cancer and lobula r cancer. Ductal originates from milk ducts while lobular cancer originates from lobules. When classified according to the stage of the development and spread of the cancer cells, the TNM system is used. The level T is when the cancer cells have only attacked the armpit. The level N is when the cancer cells have spread from the armpits to the whole breast while the level M is when the cancer

Market Failure With Graphical Analysis Economics Essay

Market Failure With Graphical Analysis Economics Essay As Roral Coase indicated, the question to be decided is: Is the value of fish lost greater or less than the product which contamination of the stream makes possible. Thus, it is understand that concept of social efficiency is difficult to achieve because of unexpected costs. Government intervention to the economy can be justified when market fails to achieve social efficiency (Webster, 2003). Social efficiency occurs when marginal social cost (MSC) is equal to marginal social benefit (MSB) (Sloman and Garratt, 2011). The market demand curve reflects MSB from an economic activity and supply curve reflects MSC of it (Begg, 2009). Instead, markets do not always attain an efficient output because of under-production and over-production of some goods and services. Inefficient level of production causes deadweight lost which represents a decrease in total surplus and this is market failure (Parkins, 2012). Under these conditions, Pareto efficiency cannot exist. According to Verhoef (1997, p. 3) Pareto efficiency is, a feasible situation, usually in terms of the allocation of goods and production factors, for which exists no other feasible situation that is weakly preferred by all agents. So, he concludes that markets mostly fail to achieve Pareto efficiency. In the literature, the major causes of market failure are (Parkins, 2012; Sloman and Garratt; 2010; Bregg, 2009; Blink and Dorton, 2007; McAleese, 2004, Morey, 2012): Externalities Public goods Merit and De-merit goods Market power Factor Immobility Imperfect information The major causes of market failure with graphical analysis are discussed as follows. Externalities: Externalities are economic side effects and can be either positive or negative (Grant, 2003). Externalities are costs/benefits that are imposed on people who are not directly involved in economic activities (Henderson, 2005). Positive externalities (external benefits) have beneficial effects while negative externalities (external costs) have harmful effects on third parties (Grant, 2003). Externalities cause market failure since decision makers generally consider only marginal private cost (MPC) and marginal private benefit (MPB) (Grant, 2003). There are four main types of externalities (Sloman and Garratt, 2010): -Negative externalities of production -Positive externalities of production -Negative externalities of consumption -Positive externalities of consumption Production and consumption externalities cause differences between private and social costs of production and also private and social benefits of consumption (Margetts, 2012). Social cost equals to sum of private costs and external costs while social benefits equals to sum of private benefits and external benefits (Sloman and Garratt, 2010; Parkins, 2012). Negative externalities of production: Negative externalities of production occur when the production process imposes external costs on third-parties (Grant, 2003). It exists when MSC of production exceeds MPC of the firm. For example, the production of cars can cause air, noise and visual pollution. Pollution can be harmful for people who are living around the factory. In Figure 1, MSC of production is above MPC. If a factory is interested in profit maximisation, it produces at Q. It is not producing at Q1, where MSC is equal to MSB, so it is market failure. There is an over-production (Q-Q1) that means misallocation of societys resources (Blink and Dorton, 2007). Moreover, the overproduction (Q-Q1) causes welfare loss as well. Positive Externalities of Production: Positive externalities of production occur when the production or provision of some goods or services creates external benefits for third parties (Blink and Dorton, 2007). In this case, MSC of production is less than MPC. For example, if a car factory provides training to its employees, this raises costs of the factory but increases the productivity of workforce. If these employees leave that firm and start working in another firm, this creates benefits for new employers since they do not have to spend money on the training of their new employees. It is figured out in the following graph. In the figure 2, MPC is above MSC. So the car factory produces at Q which is less than the social optimum output level at Q1. Between Q1 and Q, there is a potential welfare gain which is shown by the highlighted area. If the output level increases from Q to Q1, welfare would be gained. In this example, there is underproduction or provision of beneficial output that means misallocation of societys resources and it causes market failure (Blink and Dorton, 2007). Negative externality of consumption: Negative externality of consumption occurs when the consumption of some goods and services impose external costs on third parties (Grant, 2003). It exists when MPB is greater than MSB. For example, the consumption of cigarettes has harmful effects on others who are not smoking, called passive smokers. This may cause cancer. In figure 3, MPB is above MSB. This means that consumers are trying to maximise their private benefits without considering the externalities they create. There is over consumption of cigarettes, so it causes welfare loss to the society. This causes market failure. The welfare loss occurs when MSC is not equal to MSB (Grant, 2003). Positive externalities of consumption: Positive externalities of consumption occur when the consumption of some goods and services impose external benefits on third parties (Grant, 2003). It exists when MPB is less than MSB. For example, consumption of health care provides benefits for the whole society. If a person is healthy he wont transmit diseases to others and healthy people will perform better. In figure 4, MSB is above MPB. The consumption of health services is at Q1 with price P1. On the other hand, the socially optimum output level is at Q2 where MSC is equal to MSB. If consumption of health care services increase, welfare would be gained. Public goods: The two distinct characteristics of public goods are; non-rival and non-excludable (Tataw, 2011; Griffiths and Wall, 2007; McAleese, 2004; Borooah, 2003; Parkin, 2012). Thus, public goods can only be provided by the government and some private firms that are subsidised by the government (Sloman and Garratt, 2010). Lighting and pavement can be given as an example of non-rival goods (Dewar, 2010). Consumption of non-rival goods by one person does not prevent others using/consuming those goods (Grant, 2003). Lighthouses and national defence are examples of non-excludable goods (Johnson-Lans, 2004). Once they are made available for someone, they become available for everyone (Folland et al., 2007; Henderson, 2005). This will give rise to free rider problem. Free riders are the people who receive the benefits from goods and services without paying for them. So public goods are like externality (Begg, 2009). Based on the above conditions, Tataw (2011, p. ?) concludes that, market failures arise because only a small quantity of public goods will be provided inefficiently in private markets. Merit Goods: Merit goods create positive externalities when they are consumed (Margretts, 2012). This means that MSB exceeds MPB. This is presented in figure 5. The benefits of merit goods are not fully esteemed by typical consumers (Tataw, 2011). This causes under consumption and under provision of merit goods. In figure 5, consumption of merit goods are at Q, that is below the socially optimum output level, so this means misallocation of societys resources and cause market failure. De-merit goods: Contrary to merit goods, consumption of de-merit goods have harmful effects on third parties and create negative externalities (Grant, 2003). Cigarettes and alcohol are examples of de-merit goods (Blink and Dorton, 2007). Consumption of alcohol may make the drinkers feel good but they can create disturbance in public places. This is indicated below. In figure 6, MPB exceeds MSB. The consumption of alcohol is at Q1 which is above the socially optimum output level, so there is over consumption. This creates welfare loss. Market Power: In an imperfectly competitive market, firms are not able to produce at socially optimum output level (Sloman and Garratt, 2010) and it causes market failure. For example, in a monopolistic market, there is a single producer who can achieve profit maximisation in a short-run (Margetts, 2012). In this situation, producers produce where MC=MR, and this is reflected in figure 7. In figure 7, monopolistic producer produces at Q1 which is profit maximisation level and it also represents privately optimum output level. Also, Q1 is below the socially optimum output level which is at Q2. In this scenario, benefits obtained by producers are much more than what consumers receive. This is represented by the deadweight loss and highlighted within the figure. Factor Immobility: Two main types of factor immobility are; geographical immobility and occupational immobility (Blink and Dorton, 2007). Immobility of resources, such as labour and capital, might result in misallocation of resources, an increase in unemployment level and productively inefficiency in the market (Grant, 2003). This is reflected in igure 8 with a PPFs curve. In figure 8, points on the curve represent the productive efficient levels. The point E represents the productively inefficient point (Grant, 2003). Imperfect Information: Buyers and sellers may have inefficient choices if they are not fully informed about costs and benefits of consumption or production of goods and services (Grant, 2003; McAlleese, 2004). Imperfect information makes it difficult for economic decision makers for equate marginal benefit and marginal cost, so this causes market failure (Blink and Dorton, 2007). For example, the contribution of the merit goods to consumers is much more than what they think (Grant, 2003). This is partly because of imperfect information (Riley, 2012). In figure 9, there is under consumption of merit goods. This prevents social efficiency and causes market failure. As a conclusion, todays environmental problems and monopolistic markets encourage government interventions and a need for a central authority to coordinate the market mechanism inevitable, after almost eighty years that was first introduced by Keynesian economics school of taught.

Bruce Almighty Essay -- essays research papers

Kimberly Mena  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2/15/05 Mr. Shea  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bruce Almighty Bruce Almighty   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching Bruce Almighty, starring Jim Carrey, we were shown several scenes. In these scenes examples of hopelessness, individualism, enlightened self- interest, compassion, hope, love, free will, relationships, sin, and images of God were seen throughout them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In scene 2: This is my Luck; an example of compassion is when Grace is getting ready to give blood to those who are in dire need. Bruce responds that he isn’t giving blood because he hates needles and because they stock up on the blood, an example of self-interest. When Grace says good bye to him, the only thing Bruce can say is that he is going to need a miracle to get to work at time. Once again, Grace is displaying compassion and love towards Bruce but Bruce is too worried about himself and work to even acknowledge Grace’s actions, showing abandonment in a relationship with Grace. On Bruce’s way to work, there is a severe accident and an ambulance is seen carrying someone but Bruce’s remark is â€Å"Come on, not during Sweeps Week†, showing severe individualism. After the meeting, Bruce approaches his boss and asks about the anchor position, the boss denies knowing any information but Bruce insists. He believes Evan is going t o get the position so he says that he should be more like Evan because Evan is an ‘ass-hole’. Bruce proves that he can be just like Evan by flipping over the boss’s bologna sandwich but Bruce instantly picks it up because he wants the boss to think highly of him, this action of helping someone in order to benefit you, is enlightened self-interest. After picking up the sandwich, the boss gives Bruce a live show and instead of saying thank you, Bruce’s reply is â€Å"I won’t forget you†¦ when I go national!†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  More examples can be seen when Grace is at her job, caring an... ...es to call Grace again, not knowing that she is on her way, and Susan comes into the room. She engages in some small talk and then kisses Bruce, Bruce looks over Susan’s shoulder and sees Grace, she storms away and Bruce chases after her. Grace sarcastically says that everyone else wants to have children with the man that they have loved for 6 years but not her, she just wants a lot of stuff and maybe that would make her happy, and then drives away, this is a display of Grace removing herself from a relationship with Bruce. Bruce dejectedly walks inside and sets off the sprinklers so everyone leaves. When it is just him and God, Bruce asks how He makes so many people love Him without fooling around with free will, instead of answering the question, God indirectly asks him the same question and says that hope fixes relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are just some of the numerous examples of hopelessness, individualism, enlightened self- interest, compassion, hope, love, free will, relationships, sin, and images of God that are seen consistently throughout the movie. Although a comedy, Bruce Almighty is a movie with a plot of God’s omnipotence painted in bold colors.

Simon in the Lord of the Flies

Simon is a member of the choir, but is the only one who seems weak. Simon is introduced in the novel when he faints; this is a show of his weakness. He is a lot like piggy, but not as bullied. Ralph thinks he is ‘queer' and ‘funny' because he is realistic. Simon is the first boy to notice the candle bud flowers when they are out walking. Simon always sees the spiritual side of the island. The only place you see candles nowadays is in churches. Jack slashes at the candle buds with his knife keeping up his reputation as the anarchist. The creepers on the island are long vines. The small children see these creepers as â€Å"beasties†. When the little child comes forward during a meeting, he describes a ‘snake-thing', then changes his mind to a ‘beastie'. The boy makes out the ‘beastie to be evil'. The beastie the boy has seen is not a physical monster it is a monster inside the boy's head. The most terrifying thing is darkness and the unknown. The unknown makes the human imagination go wild and ask all the questions it can, â€Å"What's out there?† â€Å"Is it a huge big snake† â€Å"Is it coming to get me in the night?† The snake-like thing the ‘little-un' describes is symbolic of the serpent in the story of Adam and Eve. In Genesis, in the Bible, the serpent is portrayed as the devil and acts against god's wishes; it offers Eve the fruit from the tree of knowledge, unknowing of the consequences, Eve accepts the fruit. She offers the fruit to her husband, Adam. They both eat the fruit and become aware of their state of undress. When God came walking in the garden he found that Adam and Eve had hidden their genitalia under fig leaves. God banished Adam and Eve from Eden. The serpent, the devil, had won. Simon is the one who is helping to construct the huts on the beach. He believes the shelters will guard from the ‘beastie'. This is for the benefit of the rest of the group, not selfish like Jack and his crazed hunt for pigs. Simon is a bit of a loner; he has his own cove in the jungle, which he keeps secret from everyone else. This place has ‘more sunlight' than the rest of the jungle and is decorated with floral bouquets. The jungle suddenly turns into a picturesque haven from the outside anger of the island. But Simon is not escaping the outside force he is merely running from himself, the Simon that exists with the other boys. When he is inside his special sanctuary he fells protected. There is the appearance of the candle bud flowers again, and coupled with the safety and sanctuary of the cove it almost turns into a church. When the tight canopy of creepers envelops Simon, the light in the cove increases. The passage describes of how the evil in this part of the jungle disappears, ‘Darkness poured out'. Simon is the light in the darkness of the island; he is the only voice of religion amongst the chaos of evil. Golding is showing Simon to be a spiritual guide in the book. When he is walking through the jungle towards his cavern, he comes across some small children, â€Å"little-uns†. They are trying to reach some fruit located just beyond their grasp in a tree. Simon obligingly picks the ‘choicest' fruit from the foliage and passes it back down to the ‘endless outstretched hands'. This scene can be likened to an event in the bible, which is where Jesus Christ feeds five thousand people with a few loaves of bread and some fish. Simon is the saviour for these children; they had been trying for hours to reach the juiciest fruit from the tree and Simon has got it for them with very little ease. Simon's description by Golding shows he has a mop of hair, which is black in colour. This is like that of Jesus Christ, again rekindling the association with a spiritual nature. Like Piggy Simon is clear-sighted, he knows what is best, but unlike Piggy he advises on the religious meanings of the island. He is the first boy in the party to notice the transformation that has occurred on the island. He sees that, the island they once took for an Eden, has under gone a metamorphosis into a place of evil. When Jack talks of how the ‘little-uns' scream in their sleep, terrified of the ‘beastie' Simon is the first to acknowledge â€Å"As if the beastie was real† and â€Å"As if it wasn't a good island.† Simon is still blaming the evil experience on an outside force, he, like the entire group still fail to see the evil is within or â€Å"The darkness within†. Jack also senses the evil on the island, he likens it to a physical presence when he goes hunting, â€Å"†¦you can feel as if you're not hunting, but-being hunted: as if something's behind you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The boys on the island have difficulty finishing their sentences; this is because they are scared and embarrassed of their situation. The boys themselves find it difficult to understand the emotions they are feeling and whether these emotions should be listened to. The situation is like that of the Jews in Egypt from the Old Testament in the Bible. When the evil Egyptian slave masters ruled them, they were not enjoying themselves but they had some kind of law and order. When Moses freed them, they were happy at the wonders of freedom, but soon were reduced to a rabble of immoral ‘wrong-doers'. The boys have been ruled by grown-ups all their lives and when they find themselves on the Island, they are ecstatic, but when things get difficult and new feelings arise, bad things happen. Luckily for the Jews Moses was there to save them, he went to God and received the Ten Commandments that brought law and order back to his people. Maybe something similar will happen in this novel. Simon may save the boys, or he may be symbolising Moses and some other, yet unknown force, is God.

Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou Maya Angelou is an African American poet who was in St. Louis Missouri, on April 4, 1928. In her lifetime, she has written many aspiring poems about love, genders, and freedom. Recently, I came across one that drew me in from the opening line. The name of the poem is "I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings." In the beginning, Maya writes about a free bird, and how lucky it is to feel the wind against its back, and fly in the orange rays of the sun. That is the happy part. She then switches almost instantly to a more melancholy tone. It is described that a caged bird does not have the luxury of soaring freely. Instead, it is trapped behind its "bars of rage." All body parts are clipped together to make him locked up, except for the throat. All that's left for it to do is sing.United States

Music and the Renaissance Period essays

Music and the Renaissance Period essays The word "renaissance" means "rebirth" in French. It is an ideal selection of word choice used to describe the period in [European] history dated 1450-1600. This era was preceded by the economic, social and cultural stagnation of the Middle Ages. It was during the Renaissance period that artistic, social, scientific and political thought turned from one of religious orientation to that of a secular one. Momentous circumstances such as the invention of gunpowder and the development of the compass contributed greatly to the spread of the spirit of adventure and change. The proliferating economy allowed for the merchant class to be patrons to music and thereby increases the opportunities for playing for the musicians. The greatest Renaissance contribution, however, was due to the introduction of the printing press. This single event allowed for a musical explosion and a flourishing for musicians of this time! This era created a variety of musical styles for sacred and secular music; a cappella is a type of vocal music without instrumental accompaniment. The method used to engage this style in polyphony is known as continuous imitation. The majority of church music was written this way because instruments were not allowed these sacred houses. Secular music contained an expressive method known as word painting. This is best described as music that reflects the meaning of the word (e.g. up and down in the written piece would be sounded in the high and low sounds). Cantus firmus, or fixed melody, combined with polyphonic writing offered the composers many possibilities to create elaborate vocal music. Thus numerous motets, polyphonic works with four or five voice parts singing one religious text, became popular in the sacred arena. The composers of the early Renaissance included Guillaume Dufay, Johannes Ockeghem, Jacob Obrecht, and Josquin des Prez. All of them produced numerous glorious masses, motets, and hymns. Josquin des Prez comp...

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 118

Case Study Example The movement of a company to a place with lower taxation regulations allows it to capitalize on the legislations present and attain as much investment and revenue from its activities. This provides it with a better way of looking at things and provides new opportunities that will boost its future investments (Lamb, 2012). Political motivation could also be a boost as it works on strengthening commitment to that country and providing more strength to its corporation. It will build good repute with the new economic aspects present to provide better commitment. It also positions the company as a global player and provides different investors with investment opportunities (Bischoff-Turner, 2008). The most important goal is to provide new avenues that will boost a country’s position in terms of employment opportunities. Relocations will see a loss of revenue, loss of jobs and more doubts about the country’s potential to sustain economic growth and development (Bischoff-Turner, 2008). High-quality service provisions may lack in the new area, and that could influence the company negatively as it seeks to attract new clients and provide them with quality services. It is always important to look into the impact this will have on its service provision (Lamb, 2012). The movement of a HQ from one country or city to the next will depend on the benefits noted in that particular area. The problem with this is the inability to generate the required amount to sustain the business in the new area and lack of stringent measures to pursue a competitive edge in the new area (Lamb, 2012). If these were sorted out, it would be good to move. The company will also move if the intended gains are both in terms of revenue and investor visibility. If the gains are more to the company and shareholder investments, the movement will be ideal, and the HQ will be relocated (Bischoff-Turner, 2008). Setting the right

American experience in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American experience in Vietnam - Essay Example But as it is with politicians they give their citizens what they want to hear. This is what Kennedy was doing to convince his listeners and lure those who were not in his support. The vice president by then, though it took them long to notice and admit admitted that they had been ignorant of all that had happened in Vietnam. All those taking part in war had their own reasons for fighting, but did not include lands, resources nor dominations but freedom was the justice they were seeking in their quest neither did their want to lose their colonies in the southern east Asia. Greed and selfishness is a much greater drive for to those with interest to grab what they want. Being involved in a soviet union war meant that they were not in only in a battle of superiority, but were competing for ideas. Winthrop’s John myth citing the idea of a new America that was godlier would vanquish their numerically stronger enemies. They had dismissed the thought of having a stronger warrior squad that would outdo those of their enemies citing it as ancient. The Vietnam presidents by now relied more on virtue but not power in order to carry the day by winning the war. (Westheider 2008) 2 Industrialization got a boost from the farmers from the eighteenth century. This fueled the power of Americans in terms of their organization, and no other a power could outdo them. This proved that they were militarily invisible and after what took place in Hiroshima it was more evident that they were morally superior but the most powerful country in history. In their mind, they knew nobody could beat them in war even if nations joined to fight against them. This is where they went wrong and so writes Miller Arthur, that he believed in America and believed they had technology till the mid 1960’s when he thought they would never accept defeat as they had technologically advanced. The thought of American’s military being conquered in the battlefield with the advanced technology, grown industrialization and technology ability made them think they would never have been insufficient for war and its purposes. With the Soviet Union exploding a bomb as the Americans were not expectant off. Their aim was entirely to come up with means to fight as they avoided nuclear technology. Its premise was that soviets and their team were to indulge in small wars and without provoking or unlocking nuclear energy. In 1945 as they marked the end of the World War 2, Vietnam was left with vivid memories of subordination caused by Japanese and French authority replacing de facto. The moral lessons were western colonialism wasn’t omnipotent, and no name would replace imperialism as it was all the same from all round and equally dangerous.( Sevy 1989) American both political and leaders in businesses had an agreement that they needed to breathe both life and energy from the world system, and the only country 3that had the capacity to see them done was America. The key role w ould be played by political entrance to enact the law through the help of police men. There was a need for coordination of world affairs in the whole worlds system. Britain withdrew in the 19th century. This made Americans eager on taking on the lead as they believed they were able. Their main task was to restore expansiveness in their economy in their quest to increase their productivity as it was devastated by war. However, the imbalance within the system of the world was the major issue. Despite Americans capitalism being so strong, it didn’t quite matter as that of others countries was too weak. (Dougan,1988) But why all this, there were no raw materials in Vietnam to exploit neither were there strategic interests, it’

Motion Pictures Movies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Motion Pictures Movies - Research Paper Example The rise of the Hollywood studio system was a critical stage of the movie industry. The Biography Company sent Griffith and his team of actors to the West Coast towards Georgia Street where they started shooting a film in the available vacant spaces. It is at this time that Griffith decided to explore Hollywood and decided to shoot one of his melodrama movies there. At the production of this film, it attracted a lot of attention and Griffith found Hollywood an interesting place to shoot his movies (Ragan 23-43). When many filmmakers found out about his venture, they decide to visit Hollywood to produce films. Another reason why most Filmmakers preferred to visit Hollywood is that they saw it as a cheap way to avoid the charges that Thomas Edison was charging them to make movies. After the world war, the more people from Europe visited Hollywood. Another transformation that occurred during the Hollywood studio system was the introduction of the use of sound in filmmaking (OBrien 43). While this was a positive change, the filmmakers who had learned about silent film lost popularity after this change. During the era of the studio system, the filmmakers followed the Hay production code as part of the conditions of the studio production. Those who did not comply with the Hay code had to pay heavy fines. However, the studio system ended in the early 1940s when another law emerged to separate the production of films and their exhibition. The Federal antitrust action was a new law that led to the break up the studio system and paved way for individual production (Ragan 67). Secondly, technology development opened up a new era of production in the history of American movies. The emergence of the television technology encouraged many people to pursue filming individually.

Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Research Paper Essay Facts: Vinny was employed as a grocery clerk in the grocery store of Oscar, his employer.   The incident happened during store hours when a customer in the grocery store was about to deliver a baby.   Vinny in an effort to help the customer allowed the customer to go inside the delivery truck and the customer to the hospital. While they were on their way to the hospital, Vinny run over the dog of Melnick.   Melnick declared that he will file a suit against Oscar and Vinny for killing his dog. Issue: whether the conduct of Vinny was done within the scope of his employment so as to make Oscar liable for the accident under the principle of respondeat superior A. Delivery Case Plaintiff As a rule no person should be held liable for the acts and omissions of another. In some cases, however, the principle of agency between an employer and his employee may create legal liability known as respondeat superior.   It is a common law principle which basically means â€Å"Let the master answer.†Ã‚   It makes the employer liable for the negligent acts and omission of his employee which have caused injury to another provided that the act was done within the scope of his employment.   The theory behind this common law principle is that the principal controls the behavior of his agent and should assume responsibility and liability for the agent’s actions. The plaintiff only has to prove that the conduct falls within the scope of the employee’s employment to establish liability of the employer.   An employees conduct is covered if it is of the kind he is employed to perform, occurs substantially within the authorized time and space limits of the employment, and is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the employer. In this case, Vinny was at the time on shift and he was in the performance of his duties.   He was inside the grocery store when a customer was about to give birth.   Being in the service industry it was part of his duty to extend the necessary assistance to their customer.   His act of going to the hospital using the company truck was something that is fairly and naturally incident to the business of his employer.   (Sayles v. Piccadilly) Further the conduct of vinny was not something that promoted his own interest but it was motivated by the desire to serve his employer. B. Delivery Case: Defendant For an employer to be held liable under the doctrine of respondeat superior, it must first be proven that the employee conduct bears relationship to the nature of his work.   In determining whether an employee was acting within the scope of employment, the employee’s job description, time and place and purpose of the employee’s act, the conformity of the employee’s act to his assigned task must be examined. As a grocery clerk, Vinny’s function is to assist the customers locate the items they intend to purchase, to help in the packing of the items purchased by the customers and to answer their queries about a particular item in the grocery.   Nowhere did it say in the employee manual that part of the function of the grocery clerk is to send women who are delivering babies to the hospital.   Vinny performed something that he was not supposed to do at the time and place of the accident. The employee did not even inform the store manager, Oscar, that he will be leaving the grocery.   Indeed there was a substantial departure from the nature of the work Vinny was hired to do.   Thus, the liability for the injury he caused to Melnick is his own responsibility and should not be imputed to his employer.

The Role Of Gawad Kalinga As A Promotional Tourism Essay

The Role Of Gawad Kalinga As A Promotional Tourism Essay Besides the 7,107 beautiful islands, Philippines has so much to offer, from its pristine white sand beaches, splendid views, abundant greens,diverse populations of flora and fauna, unique natural resources and vibrant culture. To add to it is the warm Filipino hospitality, affordable vacation rates that they provide to tourists, enabling them to travel cheap and enjoy the tourism experience even more. Ironic as it may seem, this natural beauty is masked by the ugly face of poverty and despair. A majority of the Filipinos have been living in sub-human conditions in constant struggle to battle deprivation and loss of dignity. Non-Government Organizations such as Gawad Kalinga provide alternative solutions to the barefaced problem of poverty and despair in the Philippines. Gawad Kalinga (GK) has a vision of a slum-free, squatter-free nation a country where Filipinos are at peace and are given the dignity that they deserve. Together with its partners, the process of nation building and Filipino empowerment has transformed over 900 communities all over the Philippines. The Filipino people have the innate culture of giving and sharing, exemplified by the age-old concept of bayanihan. This unique Filipino spirit of being a hero to one another can be the desired push for voluntourism in the Philippines. Gawad Kalinga has, in its history of service, contributed to the domestic tourism scene. With community building and community development programs manifested mainly through its infrastructure and community empowerment activities across the nation, and an extensive number of communities which continue to increase, the organization encourages more volunteers to be involved in their efforts. This potentially relates to an increased movement of people across the country which may be associated with an increase in awareness of the destinations to which they are deployed, a potential increase in travel spending, and a prospective ensuring increase in tourism spending. II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE DOMESTIC TOURISM Many countries have a rich tradition of domestic travel and holiday which not only predates but exceeds mass international travel. This is particularly the case in Asia where recent economic prosperity and trends in globalization have not merely spurred, but continue to shape traditions in domestic tourism (Singh, 2009).  Tourism in the world is dominantly domestic not international (Cooper, Gilbert, Fletcher Wanhill, 1993). Travel is usually done within ones own country before one ventures out into travelling to destinations other than the country of residence. Domestic tourism involves residents of a country travelling only within that country but outside their usual environment. The main purpose of visit or travel is predominantly for leisure, business or other purposes (Cruz, 2000). TOURISM PROMOTION IN THE PHILIPPINES In the Philippines, the major agencies involved with tourism marketing and promotions are the Department of Tourism and the Tourism Promotions Board (former Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation). Through the years, tourism agencies have used various slogans to sell the Philippines as a destination. To name a few, in the 1970s Where Asia wears a smile and An island to remember; in the 1980s Fiesta Islands, Theres a Fiesta for Everyone and Fiesta never ends in the Philippines; in the 1990s Islands Philippines, Our Islands Have It, Jeepney Islands (in Europe), and Musical Islands Philippines; in 1999 Rediscovery Philippines; and more recently, in the 2000s WOW Philippines (Cruz, 2000). The countrys new tourism campaign slogan is Pilipinas Kay Ganda under the administration of President Benigno S. Aquino III. The slogan aims to reinvigorate our countrys tourism campaign and double tourist arrivals within the next three years, said a Malacanang press statement reads. Promoting tourist destinations to potential vacationers is a difficult proposition. Most products and services use advertising to entice buyers and compete for the limited time and attention of the media-harried consumers. Likewise, current tourism advertising lacks the resources needed to prolong destination exposure in order to capture awareness and sustain the interest of potential consumers. In the domestic tourism scene, the local government units are tasked to promote their own destinations. These LGUs are given the liberty to formulate their own promotional strategies, according to the market niche that they are targeting realizing that different markets have different needs or motivations for travel. At present, the new administration is allocating budget for new media promotions, which includes launching a new website. This is due to the increasing trend of gathering information thru the World Wide Web. MOTIVATION FOR TRAVEL Throughout history, there have been different reasons why travellers set out on journeys or trips. The chief motivations noted in history were travel for escape, cultural curiosity, spirituality, education, and social status. People go on tours or trips to satisfy a range of needs from excitement and arousal to self-development and personal growth. The work of Stanley Plog, which is often critically accepted as the major approach to tourist motivation, stressed that travellers could be categorized on psychocentric (nonadventurous, inward-looking) to allocentric (adventurous, outward-looking) scale. In a more recent version of the approach, a second dimension, energy versus lethargy, was added to the psychocentric -allocentric dimension, thus developing a four-part categorization scheme. Nevertheless, the approach is still limited because of its North American bias, and it does not consider the issues of multimotive behaviour, nor does it provide measurement details or consider the dynamic nature of motives in the travellers life span (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006). Iso-Ahola (1988), in his work Toward a Social Psychological Theory of Tourism Motivation: A Rejoinder, argues that tourist and leisure behaviour takes place within a framework of optimal arousal and incongruity. That is, while individuals seek different levels of stimulation, they share the need to avoid either overstimulation (mental and physical exhaustion) or boredom (too little stimulation) (quoted by Goeldner Ritchie, 2006, p.262). The travel-needs model articulated by Pearce (1988) and co-workers is more explicitly concerned with tourists and their motives and argues that people have a career in their travel behaviour that reflects a hierarchy of their travel motives. People may start at different levels and are likely to change their levels during their life cycle. They may also be inhibited in their travel by money, health, and other people (quoted by Goeldner Ritchie, 2006, p. 263). The grades or levels on the Pearces Travel-needs or Career model were likened to a ladder and was built on Maslows hierarchy of needs. The earliest version of the travel-needs ladder retained Maslows ideas that lower levels on the ladder have to be satisfied before the individual moves to a higher level. Recent and ongoing revisions of this model place less emphasis on the strict hierarchy of needs and more on the changing patterns of motives. More importantly, the travel-needs ladder approach emphasizes that people have a range of motives for seeking out holiday experiences (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006). In the travel-needs model, destinations are seen as settings where vastly different holiday experiences are possible. Thus, travellers motives influence what they seek from a destination, and destinations will vary in their capacity to provide a range of holiday experiences (Goeldner Ritchie, 2006). Richards and Wilson proposes that the search for new travel experiences is primarily argued to reflect peoples increasing recognition and reaction to the homogenous nature of traditional tourism products as well as their increasing desire for altruism, self-change and an ability to confirm their identities and provide coherence within an uncertain and fragmented post-modern life (quoted by McIntosh Zahra, 2007, p. 542). VOLUNTOURISM (VOLUNTEER TOURISM) Volunteer tourism, or voluntourism, is an alternative type of tourism which applies to tourists who, for various reasons, volunteer in an organized way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments or research into aspects of society or environment (Wearing, 2001). Voluntourism is seen as utilizing ones discretionary time and income to go out of the regular sphere of activity to assist others in need (McGehee Santos, 2005). Voluntourism, is an alternative type of tourism which applies to tourists who volunteer in an organized way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments or research into aspects of society or environment. Munt suggests that volunteer tourism should be seen as an expression of what is recognized as the other dimension of postmodern tourism (quoted by Uriely, Reichel Ron, 2003, p. 58). It is, by default, mass tourism in its early pre-tourism development stage and can be viewed as a development strategy leading to sustainable development and centering to the convergence of natural resource qualities, locals and the visitor that all benefit from the tourism activity (Wearing, 2001). Voluntourism activities [volunteer vacations] involve participants paying to join organized projects (Broad, 2003). It is also described as donating ones time and manpower while on vacation, even if it is just part of their trips (Brown Morrison, 2003). Mead and Metraux describe volunteer vacations as giving time and energy for a good cause and paying for the privilege. It can be taken around the corner in ones home country, or around the world in a far off land. It may involve travel expenses only, or they may cost more than traditional trips (quoted by Brown Morrison, 2003, p. 73). Callanan and Thomas states that volunteer tourism fosters a reciprocal and mutually beneficial relationship between the host and the guest and is seen as offering an opportunity for sustainable alternative travel that is more rewarding and meaningful than other holidays. It focuses on the altruistic and self-development experiences that participants can gain and the assistance that can be delivered to communities in terms of community development, scientific research or ecological/heritage restoration (quoted by McIntosh Zahra, 2007, p. 543). With voluntourism, there is an intense rather than a superficial social interaction that occurs. The accounts between hosts and guests that is created are more engaging, genuine, creative and mutually beneficial. The nature of the experiences gained by tourists is more authentic, genuine, and reflexive, of contemporary cultural content and a meaningful impersonal experience (McIntosh Zahra, 2007). Cohen, Mittelberg, Uriely and Reichel all agree that with respect to tourism studies, the term working holidays was attached to individuals who combine volunteer activity with leisure/tourism pursuits while traveling (quoted by Limjoco Magtoto, 2006, p. 12). In certain aspects, the concept of a working holiday may be considered as a dubious form of relaxation because initially, tourists expect a vacation to be as effortless as possible. Nonetheless, comprising practically of altruistic aims, its palatable appeal gives it an edge in the tourist market. VOLUNTOURISM ACTIVITIES Voluntourism can take place in varied locations such as rainforests and cloudforests, biological reserves and conservation areas. Activities can vary across many areas, such as scientific research (wildlife, land and water), conservation projects, medical assistance, economic and social development (including agriculture, construction and education) and cultural restoration (Wearing, 2001). It may also include opportunities for teaching [conversational English], nurturing at-risk infants and children, renovating and painting community buildings, assisting with health care, and natural resource projects (Brown Morrison, 2003). In his book Volunteer Vacations: Short-Term Adventures That Will Benefit You and Others, Bill McMillon categorizes potential volunteer activities into the following groups: accompaniment and amnesty work; agricultural and farm work; archaeology; community development; environmental protection; environmental research; executive and technical assistance; historical restoration; marine research; medical and dental; museums; outdoor and recreation; public health; railroads; religious organizations; scientific research; social action; state and national parks and forests; trail building and management; and work camps (quoted by Brown Morrison, 2003, p. 77). VOLUNTOURISTS Gazley deems that volunteer vacationers appear to have the same motivations as long-term volunteers but the relative value of various factors is different with self-actualization being very important for short-term volunteers. He further suggests that it may lead volunteers to look for opportunities not only for service but for learning and growth in volunteering which may be increasingly focused on education (quoted by Ellis, 2003, p. 46). The only essential skill required by volunteer organizations is the desire to help others (Brown Morrison, 2003). There is usually, however, the opportunity for volunteers to take part in local activities and interact further with the community. Hence, the volunteer tourist contribution is bilateral, in that the most important development that may occur in the volunteer tourist experience is that of a personal nature, that of a greater awareness of self. Volunteer tourists will almost always pay in some way to participate in these activities. Furthermore, the amount is usually more than an average tourist would expect to pay on a normal holiday to a similar location (Wearing, 2001). Bud Philbrook, president and CEO of Global Volunteers, sums up the excitement of doing volunteer work on a vacation, when someone adds a volunteer dimension to their vacation, they gain a unique perspective of the community theyre re-visiting. They have the opportunity to learn from and about the local people and make genuine friendships in the process. It is an exceptional experience and very often the highlight of any tripà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (quoted by Brown Morrison, 2003, p. 75). VOLUNTOURISM MOTIVATION Wearing states that in a global society that increasingly finds dogma and marketing used to instill values and exploit social relations, volunteer tourism represents both an opportunity and a means of value-adding in an industry that seems to represent consumer capitalism at its worse (quoted by Brown Morrison, 2003, p. 75). Resource mobilization theory argues that the networks an activist establishes, both within and outside of a particular movement, are vital to its success. Social psychological theories purport that, among other things, a consciousness-raising experience is a necessary precursor to social movement participation (McGehee Santos, 2005). The motives afforded by voluntourism would provide an outlet for those seeking unconventional travel experiences to pursue their own benevolent agendas. Furthermore, it can prove to be a far more satisfying experience than those offered by conventional tourism. Volunteer tourism would be a perfect venue wherein the travelers could satisfy their desires for a more in-depth understanding of the people within the tourist destination. It not only would have an impact on the tourists, but also on the locals themselves. Many travelers seek a chance to become immersed in a community or assist with projects when they travel rather than just passing through (Proceedings of Travel with a Purpose Symposium, 2000). MOTIVATIONS TO CONTINUE VOLUNTEERING Sherr (2003) classified the reasons that volunteers maintain their service through time into five factors. First, good communication within the organization is a very important factor to maintain the volunteers work in the long run. Good communication is a flow of quality information from the organization to its volunteers. Information flow consists of, for example, general news within the organization, the organizations 32 expectations of its volunteers, rules and regulations, recognition, and feedback given to the volunteers. There are a variety of forms of communication, such as face-to-face interactions, newsletters, bulletin boards, and more complicated forms such as public displays of recognition. It is reported that face-to-face conversation is the most effective factor to serve the satisfaction of the volunteers and increase their level of commitment. Providing informal recognition and appreciation early in the volunteer experience can affect the volunteers tenure of service at an organization (Stevens, 1991). If the volunteers are satisfied with the quality of the communication, they are likely to stay longer. Second, scheduling, work assignment, and work allocation are crucial factors to maintain the volunteers efforts. Volunteers tend to be satisfied with work if they can schedule their own volunteer hours and days, especially if the schedule is flexible. In addition, they are apt to continue volunteering if they are assigned to work on tasks that allow them to utilize their personal talent or specific skills. Next, if the volunteers can see that the outcome of their volunteering efforts really benefit somebody, they have a propensity to remain in the service. This factor will be reinforced if there is a connection, particularly direct contact, between the volunteers and the people benefiting from their services. In other words, if the volunteers feel that their efforts are worthwhile and important, they will be motivated to continue volunteering. On the contrary, if they feel useless or incapable, they tend to terminate their volunteer work sooner (Wharton, 1991). Fourth, volunteers expect good support from the organization they work for, such as training support and emotional support. Volunteers who participate in training report 33 higher levels of satisfaction than those who do not (Galindo-Kuhn Guzely, 2001). Organizations offering longer training sessions and a variety of training topics are also likely to have a larger number of volunteers who are satisfied and committed (Cyr Dowrick, 1991; Paradis Usui, 1989). Volunteers need emotional support not only from the organizations paid staff, but also among the volunteers themselves. Volunteers have a propensity to continue their service when they perceive that they are a part of the team and each member is willing to collaborate in problem solving, cooperate on projects, and encourage the volunteer initiative and activity (Cyr Dowrick, 1991). On the contrary, if they feel like they are being treated without respect, such as being told what to do and what not to do, they will lose their i nterest and motive for participating in that volunteer effort. Lastly, a strong sense of group integration is another important factor that keeps the volunteer in service. Group integration refers to the bonds that tie volunteers affectively to one another and the organization. Such relationships are independent of the work; instead, they provide a social aspect of the volunteer experience that is associated with satisfaction and commitment. The study by Field and Johnson (1993) indicated that volunteers are more satisfied when they have contact with other volunteers, not only in the work, but also at social events or casual socializing outside of the workplace, such as having an informal dinner with the paid staff and other volunteers, or being invited to join holiday parties (Sherr, 2008). VOLUNTOURISM AND SOCIAL AWARENESS Volunteer tourism presents a unique opportunity for exposure to social inequalities, as well as environmental and political issues, subsequently increasing social awareness, sympathy and/or support (McGehee Santos, 2005). McGehee and Santos explored how an increased social awareness through voluntourism can influence subsequent social activism. A voluntourism experience may provide an indirect or informal channel for an exchange of ideas regarding the issues and inequalities that exist. Though the observation of these social issues and inequalities and the exchange of ideas occur in the local community, it can be deemed apparent that the same occurs elsewhere. It has been proposed that volunteer tourism experiences have the potential to change voluntourists perceptions about society (at a global as well as local level). In the study conducted by McGehee and Santos, consciousness-raising occurred prior to, during, and after the volunteer tourism experiences. It has been found out that many volunteer tourism expeditions improve what is called as global citizenship. One of the many interesting topics in the field of tourism research is that of tourisms potential contribution to global peace and understanding. There are examples from around the globe, of tours that are seeking conflict resolution, greater understanding and even movements for global social justice. However, it remains a matter of some dispute among tourism analysts as to whether tourism can help foster peace and secure a more harmonious world (Higgins-Desbiolles, F., 2003). VOLUNTOURISM AND CULTURAL TOURISM It is unlikely that [other] cultural tourists will gain the same depth of interaction and experience as a volunteer tourist (McIntosh Zahra, 2007). Admittedly though, this conclusion still requires further empirical validation. In their paper, McIntosh and Zahra examined the nature of the volunteer experience in the search for alternative and sustainable experiences through cultural tourism, in the case of Australian visitors to a Maori community. The findings of the study showed that the main motivation for undertaking the volunteer project was not primarily related to sightseeing but to volunteering, to work; not just to be tourists, to give and to experience a service project. It was examined how open and responsive the host community were initially, and throughout the volunteering project, and what impact the volunteers left on the community. It was found out that the nature of the volunteer tourism experience was mutually beneficial to both the host and the voluntourist. The nature of the experiences gained by the voluntourists were seemingly different from those gained by cultural tourists experiencing the traditional cultural products, as the latters experience border on commodified cultural products. VOLUNTOURISM AND ECOTOURISM Wearing impresses that volunteering on nature conservation projects has become increasingly popular in the last two decades (quoted by Halpenny Caissie, 2003, p. 25). Non-government organizations and government agencies charged with managing biologically significant and recreation-oriented areas are expanding the use of volunteers in their programs designed to conserve biodiversity, foster healthy environments, and operate recreation and conservation programs. In a paper by Halpenny and Caissie, they explored the attitudes and values regarding nature, and the perceptions of nature by the volunteers who participated in the Volunteer for Nature program, a Canadian-based conservation volunteer project. A majority of the volunteers stressed the importance of nature and the environment as a context for self-centered activities such as recreation and therapeutic interaction. The importance of natures existence value, the satisfaction of knowing that nature exists and is being protected was also apparent. Many of the participants expressed concern and empathy for the wildlife and threatened environments. Wearing describes volunteer ecotourism as a bright alternative that promotes host self-determination, local control, sustainability, environmental stewardship and the privileging of local culture and values (quoted by Gray Campbell, 2007, p. 466). III. GAWAD KALINGA THE POWER OF AUDACIOUS GOALS 1. GK777 Meloto knows the importance of coming up with a compelling vision to inspire people. Thus, he came up with GK777. Launched in 2003, GK777 goal to construct 700,000 homes in 7,000 communities in seven years. The objective of the project is to help the poorest of the poor, regain their trust, build their confidence, make them think and act as a community and to share the joy of a country rising from poverty. 2. GK2024 A logical extension of GK777 is GK2024, which seeks to uplift five million Filipinos.The first phase of the journey (from the year 2003 to 2010) aims to achieve Social Justice, and is captured in GK777. The goal has been restated as: raising 700,000 home lots and starting up 7,000 communities by the end of 2010. The second phase (from 2011 to 2017) is the stewardship phase called Social Artistry, and aims to empower GK communities for self-governance, self-reliance, and self sufficiency through community-based programs for health, education, environment, and productivity. It also aims to build a village culture that honours Filipino values and heritage. The final phase (from 2018 to 2024) is envisioned as a time of Social Progress, and seeks to achieve scale and sustainability by developing the grassroots economy and expanding the reach and influence of GK to five million families with support from key sectors of society in the Philippines and partners abroad (Gawad Kalinga, 2009). During this phase, the Filipino will lift himself from poverty by unleashing his potential for productivity and hard work in the right environment. According to the Gawad Kalinga web site, the 21-year journey of Gawad Kalinga represents one generation of Filipinos who will journey from poverty to prosperity, fromneglect to same to honour, from third- world to first world, from second-class to first-class citizen of the world. 1. Companies (private sector) Gawad Kalinga has successfully propagated the idea that the participation of big business in GK is more than just exercising their corporate social responsibility (CSR). They are also involved in a bigger project that is nation-building. Because of GKs novel approach of actively engaging their corporate donors in implementing GK programs and activities on the ground (rather than simply raising funds), the partnership takes on some special meaning for the. 2. Government (public sector) In 2002, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo challenged GK to build 1,000 homes with P30 million from her presidential fund. In spite of its lack of experience in building at such a scale back then, GK succeeded in building the houses in 70 sites throughout the country within a year. President Arroyos highly-publicized initiative served as a major boost for GK, which began to attract leaders from both sides of the political fence, including opposition leader Sen. Aquilino Pimentel Jr., who provided P40 million from his Countryside Development Fund for schools, livelihood centers, sewage and path walks. Support also came from other senators. Hundreds of governors and mayors have since joined the bandwagon. SERVICE EXPANSION MODEL For several government agencies, partnership with Gawad Kalinga allows them to fulfill their public-service mandates more effectively. Worth noting are the partnerships of GK with the Department of Agriculture (DA), and the Department of Tourism (DOT). The partnership between GK and DA took the form of Bayan-Anihan, the food-sufficiency program of Gawad Kalinga. Bayan-Anihan aims to eradicate hunger by empowering families in GK communities to produce their own food. Under this program, GK families would each be given a 10-square meter lot where they could start a vegetable garden with okra, tomatoes, eggplants, and kangkong for their daily consumption. Launched in 2009, the program seeks to launch 2,500 farms in the next three years to feed at least 500,000 people for life. Another innovative program is GK Mabuhay, which promotes GK sites as tourist destinations. This is a result of the collaboration between GK and DOT. GK villages have become a cultural attraction in themselves, owing to the fact that they were built with the people working together as members of the community. Under this program, GK villagers welcome visitors with warmth and hospitality brought about by their renewed sense of hope. Both GK and the DOT call this campaign the new face of community tourism. Taking center stage are the Mabuhay Ladies, a group of women residents who were chosen to be tour guides in the GK communities that were opened as travel destinations. The DOT conducted workshops for the Mabuhay Ladies, giving them practical guiding tips and techniques on how to be effective tourist hosts and good communicators. The concept of community tourism, according to DOT Secretary Ace Durano, is fairly new. This has been a sought-after activity among the more adventurous travelers, who choose not just to travel but to take part in community concerns. This travel-for-a-cause stance has been supported by the DOT through its other partnerships with socio-civic groups, Durano said BUiLDING THE GK BRAND Contributing to the rapid growth of Gawad Kalinga is the reputation it has built over the years. Gawad Kalinga has succeeded in creating an image that appeals to donors, volunteers, and other stakeholders. For example, GK is fashioned as a nation-building movement. It seeks to build a nation empowered by people with faith and patriotism and one that is made up of caring and sharing communities, dedicated to eradicate poverty and restore human dignity (GKBI, 2009). Since it was founded in 1995, Gawad Kalinga has managed to put a unique spin to its programs and activities. Because of this, GK has always looked fresh and dynamic to interested observers. For example, GK was originally known for building faith communities because of its values formation programs, and because of its association with the Couples for Christ. When it made inroads in building homes in war-torn Mindanao, GK communities were dubbed as peace zones where Muslims and Christians work together to address poverty. Recently, GK communities have become eco-friendly villages as well because they have begun to integrate environmentally-sound practices in their way of living. GK villages have likewise been transformed into tourist spots that showcase the inherent charm and uniqueness of each place. Aside from the colorful houses and beautifully landscaped surroundings, each GK community offers the warmth, hospitality, and inspiring stories of its residents, who represent the triumph of the Filipino people against poverty and oppression. IV. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework is presented by Figures 1 and 2, which are the Concept Map and Concept Table respectively. Figure 1. Concept Map of the Study GK cm3 Premise: Tourism promotions play a large role in encouraging people to engage in tourism ventures. The natural beauty or landscape of the destinations, the facilities and services of the tourism supplier, and the organizations government mandated and non-government mandated, stimulate tourism response. Domestic tourism is an amalgam of internal and inbound tourism. At present, traditional or conventional tourists dominate the domestic tourism markets